In 1994, the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (CECA) was passed into law in Botswana, creating the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC). It was formed in response to several corruption scandals involving senior officials in the ruling Botswana Democratic… Read more
Archives: Public Impact Fundamentals
Land Reform in Rwanda
In 1994, after the Rwandan genocide, returning refugees and an increasing population were putting a great strain on Rwanda’s informal system of land tenure. The government wanted to address different land ownership claims to avoid new conflict, and to codify the process… Read more
The Construction of the Delhi Metro
The construction of the Delhi Metro began in 1998 with the help of international and local partners, such as the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. It was the first urban train system in the city to provide affordable and efficient public transport for its citizens. In… Read more
The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in the US
In 1996, the Clinton Administration reformed the US welfare system with the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), which created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programme. It was supported by a large majority of politicians and… Read more
The Solar Home Systems initiative in Bangladesh
The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) in Bangladesh cooperated with international and local partners to install solar home systems in remote rural areas, which are not easily accessed by the national electricity grid. The focus was on providing basic electricity coverage to… Read more
The National Broadband Network in Australia
The Australian government set up the National Broadband Network (NBN) in 2009 to increase the connectivity and speed of broadband to all Australian households and businesses. The NBN was at the time the largest public sector investment in broadband and… Read more
Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe
The Zimbabwean government began its land reforms in the 1980s to address the imbalances in land access ownership and use that had existed in the country before independence. A number of reforms were implemented over the years, with corresponding modifications… Read more
India’s Total Sanitation Campaign
In 1999, the Indian government introduced the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) to accelerate sanitation coverage throughout the country, particularly in rural areas. It focused on information and education to generate public demand for sanitation facilities, particularly in schools. The TSC made some… Read more
The UK’s Child Support Act
In 1991, the UK government introduced the Child Support Act to enforce the requirement that all parents who were liable to pay child support to their partners should do so. The Child Support Agency was formed in 1993 to implement the provisions… Read more
The Bujagali Dam Project in Uganda
The Bujagali hydropower dam on the River Nile in Uganda was initially approved in 1994 as the lowest cost option to increase power production in the country. Construction eventually began in 2007 and the government finally inaugurated the dam in October 2012. The project… Read more