In 1998, the recently elected Labour government under Tony Blair initiated a public-private partnership (PPP) to modernise the London tube system, whose oldest parts were over 100 years old. While the underground’s assets stayed in public hands, two private companies –… Read more

In 1994, the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (CECA) was passed into law in Botswana, creating the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC). It was formed in response to several corruption scandals involving senior officials in the ruling Botswana Democratic… Read more

In 1994, after the Rwandan genocide, returning refugees and an increasing population were putting a great strain on Rwanda’s informal system of land tenure. The government wanted to address different land ownership claims to avoid new conflict, and to codify the process… Read more

The construction of the Delhi Metro began in 1998 with the help of international and local partners, such as the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. It was the first urban train system in the city to provide affordable and efficient public transport for its citizens. In… Read more

In 1996, the Clinton Administration reformed the US welfare system with the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), which created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programme. It was supported by a large majority of politicians and… Read more

The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) in Bangladesh cooperated with international and local partners to install solar home systems in remote rural areas, which are not easily accessed by the national electricity grid. The focus was on providing basic electricity coverage to… Read more

To accelerate government efforts to reduce poverty and encourage community development in Indonesia, President Yudhoyono announced in 2006 the launch of the National Programme for Community Empowerment [Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat] (PNPM) as the policy and operational umbrella for the country’s programmes. Read more

The Australian government set up the National Broadband Network (NBN) in 2009 to increase the connectivity and speed of broadband to all Australian households and businesses. The NBN was at the time the largest public sector investment in broadband and… Read more

The Zimbabwean government began its land reforms in the 1980s to address the imbalances in land access ownership and use that had existed in the country before independence. A number of reforms were implemented over the years, with corresponding modifications… Read more

In 1999, the Indian government introduced the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) to accelerate sanitation coverage throughout the country, particularly in rural areas. It focused on information and education to generate public demand for sanitation facilities, particularly in schools. The TSC made some… Read more